Pattern language repository for intercultural communicaion    Mustersprache für interkulturelle Kommunikation    Ziel der Mustersprache    Verbundung zu Prof. Lieberts Forschungsschwerpunkt prospektive Technikfolgenabschätzungm    Beispiel 1: Collingridge's dilemma    Illustration des Dilemmas    Mögliche Lösung aufgrund des Pattern-Ansatzes dieses Dilemmas    State of the art pattern language    Start Showcase    Key factors enabling technology transfer    Cultural comprehension test required?    Nicht frei aber wichtig    Interkulturelle Kompetenzen    Google Book    Dematerialization (wichtig für die skalierten Aldeas Globales Populares)    Frei    Windkraft Fallstudie    Volltrefferpaper    Aldeas Globales Populares    Postmoderne Ländlichkeit    Technologische Transition    Technische Pädagogik

Pattern language repository for intercultural communicaion

Mustersprache für interkulturelle Kommunikation

Definition (deutsch): http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustersprache

Eine Mustersprache (engl. pattern language) ist eine Sammlung von Entwurfsmustern, also bewährten Verfahren zur Lösung typischer Probleme, die bei gestalterischen Tätigkeiten in einem bestimmten Anwendungsgebiet auftreten. Dabei werden im Wesentlichen zwei Ziele verfolgt:

    Es wird eine einheitliche Sprache aus Namen für Probleme und deren Lösungen definiert, um die Kommunikation zwischen Entwicklern zu erleichtern.
    Unerfahrenen Entwicklern werden Problemlösungen für typische, immer wiederkehrende Entwurfsprobleme geboten. Sie können somit von Erfahrungen anderer profitieren.

Eine sehr einfache Definition des Begriffs der Mustersprache findet sich im Portland Pattern Repository von Ward Cunningham:

A set of patterns becomes a pattern language when each of its patterns, once solved, leads to more patterns that should then be considered.

' Eine Menge von Mustern wird zur Mustersprache wenn jedes ihrer Muster, sobald es gelöst ist, zu mehr Mustern führt, die anschließend betrachtet werden sollten.'“

Ziel der Mustersprache

Das Ziel der Publikation von Mustersprachen ist die Vermittlung von Erfahrungswissen zum Aufbau von Kompetenz bezüglich der Gestaltung komplexer Systeme.

Verbundung zu Prof. Lieberts Forschungsschwerpunkt prospektive Technikfolgenabschätzungm

Prof. Liebert's eigene Definition seines Forschungsschwerpunktes:

Quelle: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10202-010-0079-1#page-1

Leider ist nicht das gesamte Paper open source gestellt, ein Problem für seine eigenen Mitarbeiter, die ich grad um ein Projekt angehe (Erklärung für die Öffentlichkeit).

Die Grenzen dieser Forschungsrichtung ist beispielsweise

Beispiel 1: Collingridge's dilemma

• ein Informationsproblem: Wirkungen können nicht leicht vorhergesehen werden, solange die Technologie noch nicht ausreichend entwickelt und weit verbreitet ist.
• ein Macht- bzw. Umsetzungsproblem: Kontrolle bzw. Gestaltung sind umso schwieriger, desto fester die Technologie verwurzelt ist.

Illustration des Dilemmas

South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley, the first Indian-American woman to hold a governorship, has just become the latest victim of the power of Twitter. It took only a couple of hours for an unsubstantiated rumour—that she was facing indictment for tax evasion—that appeared on a little-known blog, to enter tweetspace, and get retweeted to thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands, of people by credible sources like Washington Post, CBS News and Huffington Post journalists. For some hours, it became the truth and Haley was forced to issue statements and documents to prove that it was not so.

David Collingridge would have been amused.

But hardly anyone outside the slightly rarefied and academic world of “technology assessment” has heard of the Collingridge Dilemma, which this British academic posited in 1980. Even though this simple and elegant formulation lies at the heart of all reflection on technology and its impact on life and society.

In fact, in its field, the Collingridge Dilemma occupies the same place as the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle does in quantum physics, except that most of us are aware of the Uncertainty Principle, even if we don’t have the slightest clue of what it means or implies.

David Collingridge was a professor at the University of Aston in the UK, who, in his 1980 book, The Social Control of Technology, articulated his Dilemma. That, when a technology is new (and therefore its spread can be controlled), it is extremely hard to predict its negative consequences, and by the time one can figure those out, it’s too costly in every way to do much about it.

Consider the automobile (as Collingridge did). While Henry Ford was perfecting his Model T, there was no way anyone could foresee the tremendous impact cars would have on the world, including problems like pollution and social dynamics. Today we know the negative consequences, but it’s enormously expensive and difficult to bring about change. One needs only to look at the economic and political knots we have tied ourselves into just on the automobile emission issue. Who could have imagined this a hundred years ago?

Quelle: http://www.sandipanonline.com/the-famously-unknown-collingridge-dilemma/

Mögliche Lösung aufgrund des Pattern-Ansatzes dieses Dilemmas

(Ich beziehe mich hier auf eine Diskussion mit HelmutLeitner):

Wir nehmen an, dass die Kontextsensitivität des Patterns "twitter" erstens auf ein Grundmuster zurückzuführen ist. Dabei bemühe ich mich der Methode der phänomenologischen Reduktion, die Ruth Benedict für ihr Patterns of Culture verwendet hat.

Dabei kommt das irredutible Grundmuster des heraus (the basic rationale of pattern X): Der Small World algrorithmus nach Watts und Strogatz.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-world_network

Bei mathematisch irreduziblen Patterns (zum Beispiel Bruchlinienkonflikten nach Sam Huntington ist folgende Vorgehensweise vorgesehen, die ich bereits in meinem Paper von 1999 zum Thema: Was steckt wirklich hinter Huntington's Begrifflichkeit praktiziert habe, nur da) gibt es Fachautoritäten, die das genauso machen:

'' We have begun writing a complete pattern language for object-oriented programming. An example from this language is the pattern entitled Collect Low-level Protocol. Here it is in abbreviated form:

• Once you have initially decomposed a system into objects [Objects from the User's World] and refined the objects [Engines and Holders] you need to begin collecting useful functionality that doesn't particularly fit into any single object. Often many objects need to communicate with low-level (bit- or byte-oriented) parts of the system. For example, external files can have complex or highly encoded formats that require substantial byte or even bit manipulation to interpret. Collect all necessary protocol for decoding file formats or any other particular low-level task into an object specifically designed for the purpose. Do so even if you might otherwise spread it around several other objects. Once you have done this you are ready to begin testing and refining your objects [Elegance through Debugging].
• We have completed approximately ten patterns, have sketched out 20-30 more, and expect our finished pattern language to contain about 100-150 patterns. Our initial success using a pattern language for user interface design has left us quite enthusiastic about the possibilities for computer users designing and programming their own applications''.

http://c2.com/doc/oopsla87.html

Gesucht ist daher die Möglichkeit eines auf einem semantischen Netzwerk aufbauenden agentenbasierten Modells, welches Szenarien interkultureller Kommunikation vor dem Hintergrund des unterschiedlichen Bedeutungsenvironments (Daseinshorizont nach Enrique Dussel) durchspielt und daher qualitativ die Risken dieser oder jener Kommmunikationssituation aufzeigen kann.

Definition semantisches Netz:

Ein semantisches Netz ist ein formales Modell von Begriffen und ihren Beziehungen (Relationen). Es wird in der Informatik im Bereich der künstlichen Intelligenz zur Wissensrepräsentation genutzt. Gelegentlich spricht man auch von einem Wissensnetz. Meist wird ein semantisches Netz durch einen verallgemeinerten Graphen repräsentiert. Die Knoten des Graphen stellen dabei die Begriffe dar. Beziehungen zwischen den Begriffen werden durch die Kanten des Graphen realisiert. Welche Beziehungen erlaubt sind, wird in unterschiedlichen Modellen sehr unterschiedlich festgelegt, den meisten Beziehungstypen wohnt jedoch ein kognitiver Aspekt inne.

Quelle: Wikipedia http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantisches_Netz

Daraus folgt die Möglichkeit, durch phänomenologische Reduktion des Patterns das Subpattern (oder dessen natürlichen Quelltext) herauszufiltern. Damit kann beispielsweise das Beispiel Auto folgendermassen dem Collingridge's dilemma entzogen werden:

(um in Helmut Leitners Mustersprachenvokabular zu bleiben)

1. Der Aspekt des Patterns Auto ist Mobilität.
2. Nehmen wir ein stinknormales demographisches Modell von einer Population N, diese Population N braucht eine bestimmte Fläche A.
3. Dieser Populationsgrösse ordnen wir den Aspekt Mobilität zu, ausgedrückt durch den Radius R, der Stellfläche des Autos a1 und der Häufigkeit der Mobilitätsfälle V.

Und woher nehmen wir die Strassen und Parkplätze, die wir jetzt nicht haben? Die Häufigkeit der Autounfälle kann als bottleneck durch Platzmangel erklärt werden.

http://xunitpatterns.com/~gerard/plopd3-pattern-writing-patterns-paper.pdf

State of the art pattern language

Besonders verdient gemacht hat sich die non-Profit-Organisation 'The Hillside Group', die seit 1993 Fachkonferenzen organisiert: In den USA seit 1994 die PLoP Konferenzen ('Pattern Languages of Programming'); in Europa seit 1996 die EuroPLoP? mit dem festen Konferenz-Standort Kloster Irsee in Bayern. Thematisch waren diese Konferenzen zunächst auf die Software konzentriert; es folgte aber eine zunehmende Öffnung für benachbarte Gebiete wie Management, Organisationsentwicklung und Pädagogik.

Seit 2009 findet im zweijährigen Rhythmus in Portland die PUARL Konferenz statt, die sich Mustern im Umfeld von Stadtplanung und Urbanistik widmet.

2015 findet erstmals die PURPLSOC Konferenz statt. Sie ist offen für Mustersprachen aus allen Anwendungsfeldern und unterstützt den interdisziplinären Erfahrungsaustausch bezüglich des Schreibens und Anwendens von Mustersprachen.

Die purpurne Sockenkonferenz hat es schon an der Donauuni in Krems gegeben, wo Helmut Leitner präsentierte

https://www.dropbox.com/s/36iyvyr1305eh7v/PLaCA_Krems_20140617_a.pdf

Start Showcase

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512009639

This paper aims at understanding the enabling factors that facilitate low-carbon TT to developing countries and at providing policy recommendations to enhance these. Previous literature on low-carbon TT to developing countries has focused on the largest, fast growing countries, commonly called BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Some examples of this literature include the analysis of strategies including incentives for TT, for local wind industry development in twelve countries among which three developing countries: Brazil, India and China (Lewis and Wiser, 2007); the impact of the Kyoto mechanisms on patterns of diffusion of renewable energy technologies in the BRICs (Bodas Freitas et al., 2012); the reasons for the low penetration of wind and solar technologies in Brazil (Ramos Martins and Bueno Pereira, 2011); the emergence of wind turbine manufacturers in India and China (Lewis, 2007, Wang, 2010 and Zhang and Chang, 2009); the world-leading Chinese photovoltaic technology (de la Tour et al., 2011); the transfer of hybrid vehicles and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) technologies to India (Ockwell et al., 2008); or the transfer of CCS technologies to China (Liu and Liang, 2011). This literature provides valuable insights on the national and international policies that have worked to enable low carbon TT processes in the BRICs.

Smaller emerging and developing economies have been widely neglected by the current literature. However, they can hardly replicate the lessons learnt by BRICS as they lack a large internal demand for low-carbon technologies, an important requirement for the development of a national industry (Lewis and Wiser, 2007). Their smaller demand also involves a lower bargaining power next to foreign technology providers (Wei, 1995) and a lower scope to implement industrial policies, such as local content requirements, which have worked in the BRIC countries (Pueyo et al., 2011). The inability of the UNFCCC to address the diverse needs of different types of developing countries has indeed been identified as one of the main gaps of its approach to promoting TT (Pueyo et al., 2012).

• Online lernen (alt): http://www.pedocs.de/volltexte/2011/4940/pdf/ZfPaed_2005_4_Miller_Rezension_Meister_OnlineLernen_Weiterbildung_D_A.pdf

Key factors enabling technology transfer

Yanqing Duana, Wanyan Nie,Elayne Coakes Identifying key factors affecting transnational knowledge transfer http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378720610000698

Quotation: "At the basic level, knowledge is possessed, created, shared, and leveraged by individuals without individuals’ involvement, knowledge cannot be transferred."

Cultural comprehension test required?

Reading competence: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11145-010-9242-2

Nicht frei aber wichtig

This study examined the effects of sign design features and training on the comprehension of four types of Taiwanese traffic signs in Taiwanese and Vietnamese users. Thirty Taiwanese and thirty Vietnamese, each group gender-balanced, participated in this experiment, which involved 5 design features (familiarity, concreteness, simplicity, meaningfulness, and semantic closeness), 4 types of traffic signs (warning, prohibition, auxiliary, and indicatory), and 3 training conditions (before training, immediately following training, and one month after training). A total of sixty-five traffic signs were selected as the stimuli and each was presented on a 10 cm × 10 cm white cardboard in random order.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169814111001077

Interkulturelle Kompetenzen

Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures (6th Edition) By Myron W. Lustig, Jolene Koester Ebooks & PDF Free Download (schafft ihr das?)

http://www.bookforfree.us/PDF/Intercultural-Competence:-Interpersonal-Communication-Across-Cultures-(6th-Edition)-BY-Myron-W.-Lustig-Jolene-Koester-ID1349.pdf

Presenting balanced coverage of skills and theory, Intercultural Competence provides readers with the knowledgeable background and necessary skills to succeed in today's multicultural environment.

Blending both the practical and theoretical, this thoroughly researched book offers readers an enjoyable read and contemporary coverage of the impact of technology on intercultural communication and cutting-edge interpersonal scholarship. Intercultural Competence provides a discussion of important ethical and social issues relating to intercultural communication and encourages readers to apply theory through vivid examples to better prepare them to interact in intercultural relationships.

Google Book

http://books.google.at/books?hl=de&lr=&id=YaTcAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=technological+knowledge+transfer+development+policy&ots=6NqGw3PdnK&sig=1yA5ZCY1EdwdeMvhyxSuN55m0W8#v=onepage&q&f=false

Dematerialization (wichtig für die skalierten Aldeas Globales Populares)

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001632879390005E

Frei

Windkraft Fallstudie

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378012001239

International technology transfer is a key element in efforts to ensure low carbon growth in developing countries. A growing body of literature has sought to assess the extent of technology transfer in the clean development mechanism (CDM). In this paper we use the case of wind power CDM to expand the focus to how technology transfer occurs. We seek insights from the technology and CDM literatures to develop a framework with multiple technology transfer mechanisms. We then show empirically that technology transfer in CDM wind projects occurs through a greater variety of mechanism than is commonly assumed. The evidence suggests that the strengthening of host country capabilities changes the nature of technology transfer. The cases of China and India indicate that diversity in transfer mechanisms is an effect of the pre-existing industrial and technological capabilities. We show that CDM projects in China and India tend to utilise transfer mechanisms opened up prior to and independent of CDM projects, not the other way around. Our findings suggest that research and policy should pay more careful attention to the relationship between international low carbon technology transfer mechanisms and local technological capabilities.

Volltrefferpaper

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901110000286

Key-Textbausteine:

The system innovation literature makes wide use of a multi-level perspective as a heuristic tool to trace and understand major structural changes (called transitions) in socio-technical systems (Geels, 2002). A primary claim of this approach is that technological change needs to be seen as one component of a broader set of institutional, behavioural and cultural changes that co-evolve (Smith et al., 2005). Transitions involve the change and reconfiguration of technologies, actors and institutions through the interaction of niches, regimes and landscapes over long periods of time.

The socio-technical regime consists of three interlinked dimensions ( Geels, 2005): (i) a network of actors and social groups; (ii) regulative, normative and cognitive rules that guide the activities of actors; and (iii) material and technical elements. Existing socio-technical regimes are characterized by path dependence and lock-in, resulting from stabilising mechanisms on the three dimensions ( Unruh, 2000). First, incumbent actors have vested interests and social networks represent ‘organisational capital’. Second, regulations and standards may stabilise regimes, and cognitive routines may blind actors to developments outside their focus. And third, existing machines and infrastructures stabilise through sunk investments and technical complementarities between components. Such stabilising mechanisms enable growth of regimes, but they serve as obstacles to their transformation once they have achieved maturity. During transitions, each of these stabilising forces is weakened, allowing new regimes to grow, achieve stability and to become dominant.

Niches form the locus where novelties emerge ( Kemp et al., 1998, Kemp et al., 2001 and Raven, 2005). Niches act as ‘incubation rooms’, shielding new technologies from mainstream market selection and providing locations for various learning processes, as well as space for building social networks supporting the innovations. The protection is needed because new technologies initially may be expensive, unreliable and not yet aligned with user preferences, practices and expectations. Sustainability experiments are often ‘hopeful monstrosities’ ( Mokyr, 1990, 291). In the long run they carry the promise of radical leaps in economic and environmental performance, but in the short term their relative performance may be poor or deeply uncertain. Protection may be achieved through public policy (i.e. investment grants), or through strategic investment decisions by firms.

Aldeas Globales Populares

(skalierte Globale Dörfer)

Alt aber gut (1998): http://www.tec-digital.itcr.ac.cr/file/2937626/MCastells_espacios_publicos.pdf

Postmoderne Ländlichkeit

• http://www.gazeta-antropologia.es/?p=4290
• http://scholarbank.nus.sg/handle/10635/77735

here

Technologische Transition

Frank W. Geels Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733302000628

Technische Pädagogik

Davis, N., Cho, M.O. & Hagenson, L. (2005). Editorial: Intercultural Competence and the Role of Technology in Teacher Education. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 4(4), 384-394. Norfolk, VA: AACE. http://www.editlib.org/p/6007/

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